![]() ![]() The massive ocean sink has dramatically affected ocean climate change and ecosystem. Not to lose a sight of fact, natural resources of CO 2, which can come from ocean degassing, plant photosynthesis, and volcanic eruptions, are reviewed as a natural sink contributing toward rapid atmospheric CO 2 build-up. The global dependency on fossil fuel as feedstocks has contributed to most CO 2 emissions. This expected increase would reverse 80% of the drop in 2020, with emissions reaching 1.2% (or 400 Mt) below 2019 emissions levels The CO 2 emission rate has continued to grow, which is expected to elevate the Earth’s temperature into a new elevated level without intervention. Coal demand alone is projected to increase by 60% more than all renewables combined, underpinning a rise in emissions of almost 5% or 1500 Mt. Demand for all fossil fuels was set to grow significantly from 2021. Global energy-related CO 2 emissions are heading for their second-largest annual increase ever. This review provides insights into recent works on core-shell catalysts for thermocatalytic CO 2 conversion into syngas and fuels However, cost-effective and simple synthesis methods and feasible mechanisms on core-shell catalysts remain to be developed. Substantial progress has been achieved to implement core-shell in direct or indirect thermocatalytic CO 2 reactions, such as methanation, methanol synthesis, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and dry reforming methane. Core-shell is a recently emerged nanomaterial that offers confinement effect to preserve multiple functionalities from sintering in CO 2 conversions. ![]() Conventional catalysts suffer from a lack of precise structural control, which is detrimental toward selectivity, activity, and stability. Therefore, a key research focus on thermocatalytic CO 2 conversion is to develop high-performance and selective catalysts even at low temperatures while suppressing side reactions. However, these processes are still immature for industrial applications because of their thermodynamic and kinetic limitations caused by rapid catalyst deactivation due to fouling, sintering, and poisoning under harsh conditions. For decades, thermocatalytic CO 2 conversions into clean fuels and specialty chemicals through catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation and CO 2 reforming using green hydrogen and pure methane sources have been under scrutiny. CO 2 utilization is the prominent solution to curb not only CO 2 but other greenhouse gases, such as methane, on a large scale. A 45% national reduction in CO 2 emissions has been projected by government to realize net zero carbon in 2030. Carbon-intensive industries must deem carbon capture, utilization, and storage initiatives to mitigate rising CO 2 concentration by 2050. ![]()
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